Washington, D.C. — A new study reveals that the tariffs imposed during Donald Trump’s presidency have primarily burdened American consumers rather than foreign exporters. Conducted by the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the research indicates that nearly all of the costs associated with these tariffs were shouldered by U.S. buyers.

According to the study, published recently, about 96% of the tariff costs were paid by American importers and consumers, with only a small fraction absorbed by foreign exporters. The institute’s findings emphasize that the $200 billion increase in customs revenue reported for 2025 represented a tax that fell almost entirely on the American public.

This analysis contradicts the former president’s claims that foreign nations would bear the bulk of these costs. Trump’s administration implemented aggressive tariff measures against numerous countries, including China, India, and the European Union, asserting that these fees would not significantly impact U.S. consumers.

By examining data from over 25 million shipment records, valued at nearly $4 trillion, the researchers highlighted a near-complete transfer of costs to consumers. The study found that U.S. import prices typically increased almost dollar-for-dollar with the tariffs, resulting in lower trade volumes.

The findings align with previous research from various academic institutions, including analyses conducted by Harvard Business School and Yale University. Both entities reinforced the notion that American households are largely responsible for paying these levies.

The Kiel study further elaborated on the distribution of costs. Initially, American importers and wholesalers bear the financial impact, which then cascades to manufacturers and retailers. Ultimately, these companies face the choice of absorbing the costs or passing them on to customers, leading to increased prices on both imported and domestically produced goods that rely on foreign materials. The study also reported a decline in the availability of goods in the U.S. market.

As the debate around tariffs continues, Trump maintains a firm stance. In a recent statement, he expressed intentions to escalate tariffs on Denmark and other European nations unless favorable negotiations occur regarding Greenland’s potential transfer to the U.S.

Looking ahead, many of Trump’s tariff initiatives might face challenges. The Supreme Court is expected to deliver a ruling on the legality of these tariffs, which were enacted under the controversial guise of national security. Trump has cautioned that the United States could be significantly impacted if these tariffs are overturned, highlighting the ongoing ramifications of his administration’s trade policies.